ManCAD100: 100 Years of Audiology and Deaf Education at Manchester.

In 2019, the Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness celebrates its 100th anniversary. To mark the centenary, this special issue is a collection of papers that showcases current research in Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness. The Editorial provides a brief history and description of the Centre and an overview of the special issue.

Travelling waves and tonotopicity in the inner ear: a historical and comparative perspective.

In the 1940s, Georg von Békésy discovered that in the inner ear of cadavers of various vertebrates, structures responded to sound with a displacement wave that travels in a basal-to-apical direction. This historical review examines this concept and sketches its rôle and significance in the development of the research field of cochlear mechanics. It also illustrates that this concept and that of tonotopicity necessarily correlate, in that travelling waves are consequences of the existence of an ordered, longitudinal array of receptor cells tuned to systematically changing frequencies along the auditory organ.

[The history of organization of the research laboratories based at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Faculty of General Medicine]. / Istoriia sozdaniia nauchnykh laboratorii na kafedre otorinolaringologii lechebnogo fakul'teta Rossiiskogo natsional'nogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. N.I. Pirogova.

This article was designed to describe the history of the establishment and development of the research divisions based at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Faculty of General Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, including laser, vestibulogical, and audiological laboratories. The authors present an overview of the main research activities and achievements of the Department with special reference to the management of Meniere's disease, cochlear-vestibular disorders associated with sensorineural hearing loss, injuries to the organs of hearing, and diseases of the central nervous system. Also discussed are the peculiarities of the laser-assisted medical care and the possibilities for the application of therapeutic and surgical lasers for the purposes of the practical otorhinolaryngological work.

Andreas Vesalius' 500th Anniversary: Initial Integral Understanding of Voice Production.

BACKGROUND: Voice production relies on the integrated functioning of a three-part system: respiration, phonation and resonance, and articulation. To commemorate the 500th anniversary of the great anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1515-1564), we report on his understanding of this integral system. METHODS: The text of Vesalius' masterpiece De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septum and an eyewitness report of the public dissection of three corpses by Vesalius in Bologna, Italy, in 1540, were searched for references to the voice-producing anatomical structures and their function. We clustered the traced, separate parts for the first time. RESULTS: We found that Vesalius recognized the importance for voice production of many details of the respiratory system, the voice box, and various structures of resonance and articulation. He stressed that voice production was a cerebral function and extensively recorded the innervation of the voice-producing organs by the cranial nerves. CONCLUSIONS: Vesalius was the first to publicly record the concept of voice production as an integrated and cerebrally directed function of respiration, phonation and resonance, and articulation. In doing so nearly 500 years ago, he laid a firm basis for the understanding of the physiology of voice production and speech and its management as we know it today.

Universal newborn hearing screening: methods and results, obstacles, and benefits.

The incidence of sensorineural hearing loss ranges from 1 to 3 per 1,000 live births in term healthy neonates, and 2-4 per 100 in high-risk infants, a 10-fold increase. Early identification and intervention with hearing augmentation within 6 mo yields optimal effect. If undetected and without treatment, significant hearing impairment may negatively impact speech development and lead to disorders in psychological and mental behaviors. Hearing screening programs in newborns enable detection of hearing impairment in the first days after birth. Programs to identify hearing deficit have significantly improved over the two decades, and their implementation continues to grow throughout the world. Initially based on risk factors, these programs identified only 50-75% of infants with hearing loss. Current recommendations are to conduct universal hearing screening in all infants. Techniques used primarily include automated auditory brainstem responses and otoacoustic emissions that provide noninvasive recordings of physiologic auditory activity and are easily performed in neonates and infants. The aim of this review is to present the objectives, benefits, and results of newborn hearing screening programs including the pros and cons of universal vs. selective screening. A brief history and the anticipated future development of these programs will also be discussed.

La Asociación Española de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología y la Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología / Asociación Española de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología and the journal of Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología

La trayectoria de la Asociación Española de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología (AELFA), en los últimos 34 años va muy ligada a la edición de su revista. Se revisa la evolución de la misma desde los primeros números con artículos más de revisión y profesionales, a los de los últimos 15 años con más temas de investigación. La revista se ha consolidado como publicación internacional sobre el tema, con criterios muy rigurosos de edición, con una alta participación de autores de muchas universidades españolas, pero también con un porcentaje de autores muy significativo de habla no hispana. Los temas de investigación son los prioritarios en los últimos 20 años (AU)

The development of the Spanish Association of Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Hearing (Asociación Española de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología [AELFA]) in the last 34 years has been closely linked to the publication of its journal. We review the progress of the journal from the first issues, which concentrated mainly on review and professional articles, to those published in the last 15 years, which contain more research articles. The journal has become established as an international publication on the discipline, with highly rigorous publication criteria and wide participation among authors from numerous Spanish universities. In addition, a significant percentage of authors are from non-Spanish-speaking countries. Research articles have been a priority in the last 20 years (AU)

Curtis's cephaloscope: deafness and the making of surgical authority in London, 1816-1845.

Aural surgery is a branch of nineteenth-century medicine and surgery providing specialized treatment for ear diseases. During the 1830s, faced with a "popular prejudice" against the curability of deafness as well as intraprofessional rivalries and continuous accusations of quackery, aurists found their surgical authority questioned and their field's value threatened. In an attempt to bolster aural surgery's reputation, in 1841, the aurist John Harrison Curtis (1778-1856) introduced his new diagnostic instrument, the cephaloscope, which could not only improve diagnosis but also provide approaches for regulating aural knowledge, thus strengthening aural surgery's authority. This article examines the motives underlying Curtis's introduction of the cephaloscope and the meanings it held for the occupational group at large.